Flexible ureterorenoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure that allows the endoscopic treatment of stones located in the kidney and urinary tract. The flexible ureterorenoscope is passed through the urinary tract to the kidney, and the stone is fragmented into small pieces using specialized laser energy. Small fragments may pass naturally or be removed with endoscopic instruments. The choice of procedure is determined based on the size, number and location of the stone, as well as the patient's general condition.

Endoscopic internal urethrotomy is the endoscopic treatment of strictures that have developed in the urethra. Using a special endoscope, the narrowed area is accessed, the scar tissue is incised, and restoration of urethral patency is attempted. The procedure is performed in appropriate patients to improve urination and eliminate the stricture. As there is a risk of recurrence, urological follow-up after the procedure is essential.

Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy is a minimally invasive endoscopic treatment for large, multiple or complex stones located in the kidney. A small access tract is created through the skin into the kidney, and the stones are reached using specialized instruments. The stones are fragmented and removed mechanically or using energy sources, including a laser. PNL is considered one of the effective treatment methods, particularly for large kidney stones.

Cystolithotripsy is the endoscopic fragmentation and removal of stones located in the bladder. An endoscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder, and the stone is fragmented using a specialized energy source. The stone fragments are then removed with specialized instruments. The aim of the procedure is to eliminate the bladder stone and restore urinary flow.

Transurethral resection is a procedure for removing tumors detected in the bladder using specialized endoscopic instruments inserted through the urethra. During the operation, the tumor is resected as completely as possible, and the removed tissue is sent for histopathological examination. The histological result is of great importance in determining the nature of the tumor and the subsequent treatment strategy.

Male infertility may be associated with abnormalities in the number, motility or morphology of spermatozoa, hormonal changes, varicocele, diseases of the genitourinary system and other factors. Before treatment, a spermogram, hormonal tests, urological and andrological evaluation, and, when necessary, additional laboratory and instrumental examinations are performed.

Microsurgical varicocelectomy is the microsurgical treatment of varicocele, characterized by dilation of the veins of the scrotum. During the operation, the dilated veins are precisely identified and ligated with the aid of a special microscope, while preservation of the testicular artery and lymphatic vessels is attempted. This approach is one of the widely used microsurgical methods for treating varicocele.

Open ureterolithotomy is an operation performed to surgically remove large stones located in the ureter or stones that cannot be removed using endoscopic methods. During the operation, direct access to the ureter is established, the stone is removed, and ureteral patency is restored. In modern practice, this method is used in selected complex cases when other minimally invasive treatment methods are not suitable.

In malignant and certain other tumors of the genitourinary system, open radical surgical interventions may be performed depending on the stage, location and spread of the disease. The aim of these operations is to control the disease by removing the tumor and, when medically indicated, the surrounding tissues or lymph nodes. The extent of the operation is determined by a multidisciplinary team based on the results of imaging, biopsy and other examinations.

Urethroplasty is the reconstructive surgical treatment of strictures that have developed in the urethra. During the operation, the narrowed and scarred area is removed, and restoration of the anatomical integrity and patency of the urethra is achieved. Depending on the length and location of the stricture, various reconstructive techniques may be used, including the use of the patient's own tissues.