Diabetic retinopathy is damage to the blood vessels of the retina caused by diabetes mellitus. The disease may be asymptomatic in its early stages, but as it progresses, it can lead to decreased vision and serious visual problems. During diagnosis, methods such as fundus examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and, when necessary, fluorescein angiography are used

Glaucoma is an eye disease characterized by damage to the optic nerve and, if left untreated, may cause the gradual narrowing of the visual field. Since the disease often does not cause noticeable symptoms in its early stages, regular ophthalmological examinations are important.

Uveitis is inflammation of the middle vascular layer of the eye. Depending on the location of the inflammation, it may involve the anterior, intermediate, or posterior parts of the eye. It may present with symptoms such as eye redness, pain, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, and the appearance of floating spots in front of the eye.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) occurs as a result of damage to the macula, the central part of the retina. The disease particularly affects central vision and may make daily activities such as reading, recognizing faces, and distinguishing details difficult. Fundus examination and methods such as OCT are used in the diagnostic assessment.

Vascular diseases of the retina include artery and vein occlusions, vascular changes, and circulatory disorders. These conditions may cause sudden or gradual deterioration of vision and changes in the visual field. During diagnosis, fundus examination, OCT, and, when necessary, angiographic examinations are performed.

Thyroid ophthalmopathy refers to changes in the tissues around the eyes associated with diseases of the thyroid gland, particularly those of autoimmune origin. This condition may present with protrusion of the eyes, dryness, redness, swelling, double vision, and, in some cases, decreased vision.

Conjunctivitis, keratitis, and other infectious eye diseases may develop as a result of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms. These diseases may present with eye redness, tearing, discharge, pain, itching, sensitivity to light, and blurred vision. During diagnosis, the anterior part of the eye and the cornea are examined.

Keratoconus is a disease characterized by thinning of the cornea and its protrusion forward in a cone-like shape as it loses its normal form. As a result, blurred vision, distortion, and astigmatism may occur. For vision correction, special soft, rigid gas-permeable, and scleral contact lenses may be used depending on the stage of the disease and the shape of the cornea.

The cornea is transparent tissue located in the front part of the eye and plays an important role in the formation of vision. Its inflammation, infection, injury, dystrophy, and structural changes may affect the quality of vision. During diagnosis, the transparency, shape, and surface of the cornea are evaluated. When necessary, corneal topography, pachymetry, and other examinations are performed.

Various laser technologies are used in ophthalmology to treat eye diseases. The type of laser and its area of application are determined depending on the diagnosis and the anatomical characteristics of the eye. An argon laser may be used for some vascular and degenerative diseases of the retina, while a YAG laser may be used in certain cases to eliminate capsule opacification occurring after cataract surgery and in some glaucoma procedures.

Refraction examination is performed to determine how the eye refracts light and whether the image is properly focused on the retina. The examination helps detect myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and age-related near-vision problems.

ROP (retinopathy of prematurity) is a disease that mainly occurs in premature and low-birth-weight infants as a result of impaired development of the retinal blood vessels. The disease may be asymptomatic in its early stages, but if severe forms are left untreated, they may lead to retinal detachment and serious vision loss.