Immediately after birth, the baby’s breathing, heartbeat, muscle tone and general condition are assessed. If breathing is insufficient or a disturbance in cardiac activity is observed, resuscitation measures intended for newborns are carried out. These measures include maintaining the baby’s temperature, opening the airways when necessary, positive-pressure ventilation and other resuscitation interventions when indicated.

Intubation is a procedure involving the placement of a special tube into the baby’s windpipe. This intervention is performed when the baby’s spontaneous breathing is insufficient or when the airways need to be secured reliably. Intubation enables the provision of oxygen and respiratory support, as well as mechanical ventilation.

Mechanical ventilation is the support of breathing באמצעות a special device when the baby’s spontaneous breathing is insufficient. This method may be used particularly in premature newborns and those with respiratory failure. During ventilation, the oxygen concentration, respiratory pressure and other parameters are adjusted according to the baby’s condition.

Surfactant is a natural substance that helps keep the air sacs in the lungs — the alveoli — open. In premature babies, a deficiency of surfactant may cause respiratory distress syndrome. In such cases, a special surfactant preparation may be administered into the lungs through the windpipe. The treatment helps improve lung expansion and oxygen exchange.

Catheterization of the umbilical vein and artery is a procedure performed in newborns to administer medications, fluids and nutritional solutions, as well as to collect blood samples for laboratory tests. Intravenous treatment and nutrition can be provided through an umbilical venous catheter. An umbilical arterial catheter is used in certain cases for continuous measurement of arterial blood pressure and repeated testing of blood gases.

Exchange transfusion is a specialized treatment method used in newborns in certain severe cases, particularly when bilirubin levels are dangerously elevated and in some blood incompatibility conditions. During the procedure, small volumes of the baby’s blood are gradually removed and replaced with compatible donor blood. This method helps reduce bilirubin levels and, in some cases, remove harmful antibodies and other unwanted components from the blood.

Phototherapy is used to treat jaundice in newborns caused by elevated bilirubin levels. Under the effect of a special light source, bilirubin is converted into a form that can be more easily eliminated from the body. During the procedure, the baby is placed under a special phototherapy device and the eyes are protected. During treatment, bilirubin levels, body temperature and fluid balance are monitored.

To continuously assess the condition of newborns, heartbeat, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, body temperature and other indicators are monitored using special devices. Non-invasive monitoring allows vital signs to be observed without vascular or other internal intervention in the baby.

Neonatal screening consists of examinations performed to detect certain hereditary, metabolic and other diseases in newborns before clinical signs appear. The tests included in the screening program may vary according to the protocols implemented by the country. Conditions such as phenylketonuria and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency may be detected.

Early detection of certain hormonal and endocrine diseases in newborns is important for ensuring the child’s normal development and protecting their health. For this purpose, thyroid function and other hormonal indicators may be assessed in accordance with clinical indications and the screening program.

Ultrasound examinations are used to assess the condition of various organs and systems in newborns. Examinations are performed based on the baby’s clinical condition and medical indications. Relevant anatomical structures may be assessed through cranial ultrasound, cardiac echocardiography, and ultrasound examinations of the abdominal organs and kidneys.

Radiography may be used in newborns to assess the lungs, chest, abdominal cavity and bone structures. It is of particular diagnostic importance in cases of respiratory problems, certain digestive system pathologies and bone injuries.

Various laboratory analyses are performed to assess the health status of newborns and monitor the effectiveness of treatment. These examinations may include blood gases, complete blood count, urinalysis, and biochemical analyses of blood and urine. Based on the results, oxygen and acid-base balance, the condition of blood cells, kidney and liver function, electrolytes and other indicators are assessed. The scope of the examinations is determined according to the baby’s clinical condition.

Babies born with very low birth weight or prematurely may require special medical supervision because their organs and systems are not fully developed. In these babies, breathing, body temperature, feeding, circulation and protection against infections are monitored with particular attention. Within the framework of intensive care, respiratory support, intravenous treatment, parenteral or tube feeding, temperature maintenance and other supportive measures may be provided. After the condition stabilizes, the baby’s feeding, weight gain and development are monitored.

Preventive vaccinations in newborns and infants are one of the main means of protection against infectious diseases. Vaccinations are administered in accordance with the national immunization schedule and current medical recommendations. Before vaccination, the child’s general condition and possible contraindications are assessed.

After birth, it is important to regularly assess the baby’s health status, physical development and nutrition. During follow-up examinations, weight gain, height, head circumference, reflexes, signs of skin changes and jaundice, feeding and general developmental indicators are checked.The timely administration of vaccinations, monitoring of neonatal screening results and arrangement of additional examinations when necessary are also ensured at this stage.

Children born with intrauterine infections (CMV, Herpes, Toxoplasmosis, Chlamydia, Tuberculosis, Hepatitis, etc.), Sepsis, Hemorrhagic disorders of the newborn, Hemolytic disease of the newborn, Anemia of the newborn, Children born to mothers with endocrine disorders, Lung diseases, Diseases of the cardiovascular system, Diseases of the gastrointestinal system, Diseases of the kidneys and urinary system, Diseases of the central nervous system, Intensive care and treatment for children born with extremely low birth weight,