The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain and controls the production of many hormones. In panhypopituitarism, the pituitary hormones are deficient, which leads to weakened function of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands and sex glands. The main symptoms are weakness, fatigue, weight changes, low blood pressure, decreased sexual desire and menstrual disorders. The doctor makes a diagnosis through hormone tests and, if necessary, an MRI examination, and prescribes replacement therapy with the deficient hormones.

Prolactinoma is a benign tumor in the pituitary gland that produces excessive amounts of the hormone prolactin. In women, menstrual disorders, milk discharge and inability to become pregnant may be observed, while in men, decreased sexual desire and infertility may occur. Headaches and visual disturbances may also sometimes develop. Diagnosis is made through a prolactin test and pituitary MRI, and treatment is mainly carried out with medications and provides good results.

Cushing’s disease is the excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal glands as a result of a tumor in the pituitary gland. It manifests through rounding of the face, obesity in the central part of the body, purple stretch marks on the skin, high blood pressure, elevated blood sugar and muscle weakness. The doctor checks cortisol levels in the blood and urine, performs an MRI examination and prepares a treatment plan according to the cause of the disease.

Acromegaly is a disease that manifests through enlargement of the hands, feet, jaw and facial features as a result of excessive secretion of growth hormone in adulthood. It may be accompanied by joint pain, sweating, headaches, snoring and cardiovascular problems. Since the disease develops gradually, it is diagnosed late. Diagnosis is made through hormone tests and pituitary MRI, and treatment is carried out with medication, surgery or radiation methods.

Diabetes insipidus develops as a result of a deficiency or ineffectiveness of the antidiuretic hormone, which regulates the body’s water balance, and is not related to blood sugar. The main symptoms are excessive thirst and the production of large amounts of dilute urine, which may lead to dehydration. The doctor performs urine and blood tests and, if necessary, special functional tests. Treatment is carried out with hormone replacement medications and monitoring of fluid intake.

Goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland and is often associated with iodine deficiency, inflammation or hormonal disorders. It may manifest through swelling in the neck, discomfort while swallowing, a feeling of pressure in the throat and sometimes voice changes. The doctor evaluates the size and function of the gland through ultrasound examination and hormone tests, and determines the treatment plan based on this.

Hyperthyroidism is the excessive production of hormones by the thyroid gland and causes the metabolism to accelerate. Palpitations, nervousness, sweating, weight loss, trembling hands and fatigue are observed. The most common cause is Graves’ (Basedow’s) disease. Treatment is carried out with medications, radioactive iodine or surgical methods; the choice is determined by the doctor according to the cause of the disease.

Hypothyroidism is a deficiency of thyroid hormones and leads to a slowdown of the metabolism. Weakness, sluggishness, weight gain, dry skin, hair loss, sensitivity to cold and constipation are among the main symptoms. Diagnosis is made through TSH and thyroid hormone tests. Treatment consists of taking replacement medications containing the deficient hormone and is well controlled.

Nodular goiter is the formation of one or more nodules in the thyroid gland. Most nodules are benign and do not cause symptoms for a long time; sometimes they may cause swelling or a feeling of pressure in the neck. The doctor performs an ultrasound examination and, if necessary, prescribes a fine-needle aspiration biopsy to determine the nature of the nodule. The treatment or monitoring approach is selected according to the size and characteristics of the nodule.

Thyroiditis is an inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland caused by various factors. Acute and subacute forms that develop after a viral infection may be accompanied by neck pain and fever, while the autoimmune form develops painlessly and gradually. During thyroiditis, the gland’s hormone levels may temporarily increase or decrease. The doctor determines the type of disease through tests and ultrasound examination and prescribes appropriate treatment.

Hashimoto’s disease (autoimmune thyroiditis) is a chronic disease caused by the immune system attacking the cells of the thyroid gland. Over time, the function of the gland weakens and hypothyroidism may develop. It is more common in women, and hereditary predisposition plays a role. Diagnosis is made through TSH, thyroid hormone, antithyroid antibody tests and ultrasound examination. Replacement therapy is prescribed when hormone deficiency develops.

During pregnancy, thyroid hormones are important for the health of both the mother and fetus and for the development of the nervous system. Untreated hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism may increase the risk of miscarriage, premature birth and fetal developmental disorders. Checking TSH levels and supervision by an endocrinologist are recommended for women planning pregnancy and pregnant women. The medication dose is frequently adjusted during pregnancy and monitored regularly.

The parathyroid glands, located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, regulate the level of calcium in the blood. In hyperparathyroidism, these glands produce excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone, resulting in an increase in the amount of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia) and loss of calcium from the bones. The main symptoms are weakness, thirst, frequent urination, nausea, constipation, bone and joint pain, kidney stones and weakening of the bones (osteoporosis). It is often caused by a benign tumor (adenoma) in the parathyroid gland.

Hypoparathyroidism is a decrease in the blood calcium level (hypocalcemia) resulting from the inability of the parathyroid glands to produce sufficient hormone. It most commonly occurs in the neck area, particularly after thyroid gland surgery; autoimmune and hereditary causes are also possible. Burning and numbness in the lips and fingers and toes, muscle cramps and spasms, muscle pain, fatigue and, in severe cases, seizures may be observed.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by high blood glucose (sugar) levels. In Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce insulin; this form usually begins in childhood and youth and requires lifelong insulin treatment. In Type 2 diabetes, the body loses its sensitivity to insulin, and it develops more commonly in adults against a background of excess weight. Thirst, frequent urination, weakness, weight changes and delayed healing of wounds are the main symptoms. Diagnosis is made through blood sugar and HbA1c tests. Treatment includes diet, physical activity, medication or insulin preparations; regular monitoring is essential to prevent complications.

Hypoglycemia is a drop in blood sugar below normal levels. It most commonly occurs in people receiving diabetes treatment when the balance between the insulin or medication dose, nutrition and physical exertion is disrupted. Trembling, sweating, palpitations, hunger, dizziness and irritability are observed; in severe cases, loss of consciousness and seizures may occur. In mild cases, consuming rapidly absorbed sugary food helps; in severe cases, emergency services should be called. The doctor investigates the cause of recurrent blood sugar drops and adjusts the treatment.

Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in the body and is assessed using the body mass index (BMI). Causes include improper nutrition, inactivity, hormonal disorders, hereditary predisposition and certain medications. Obesity increases the risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, joint problems and sleep apnea. The doctor investigates the causes, prescribes hormone and other tests when necessary, and prepares an individual plan together with a dietitian consisting of nutrition, physical activity and, when necessary, medication treatment.

In insulin resistance, cells respond poorly to insulin, the pancreas is forced to produce more insulin and the risk of Type 2 diabetes increases over time. Metabolic syndrome is the coexistence of abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar and abnormalities in blood fats (cholesterol, triglycerides). It may also be associated with polycystic ovary syndrome in women. Diagnosis is made through blood sugar, insulin, HOMA-IR and lipid tests. Weight loss, healthy nutrition, physical activity and, when necessary, medication treatment improve the condition.

Gestational diabetes is elevated blood sugar first detected during pregnancy and is usually screened for at 24–28 weeks of pregnancy. If uncontrolled, it increases the risk of a large fetus, complications during delivery and low blood sugar in the newborn. Treatment consists of diet, moderate physical activity and regular blood sugar measurements; insulin is prescribed when necessary. Blood sugar levels should be checked again after delivery because the risk of Type 2 diabetes remains high in the future.

Vitamin D plays an important role in calcium absorption, bone strength and immune system function. Deficiency results from insufficient exposure to sunlight, poor nutrition and absorption disorders. Weakness, fatigue, and muscle and bone pain are the main symptoms; rickets may develop in children and osteoporosis in adults. Diagnosis is made by a blood test for 25-OH vitamin D, and treatment is carried out with preparations prescribed by a doctor. Taking high doses on your own is not recommended.

Dyslipidemia is an increase in total cholesterol, “bad” cholesterol (LDL) or triglycerides in the blood, or a decrease in “good” cholesterol (HDL). Its causes are a fatty diet, physical inactivity, excess weight, diabetes and hereditary predisposition. The condition produces no symptoms for a long time, but it increases the risk of atherosclerosis, heart attack and stroke. Diagnosis is made by a lipid profile test taken on an empty stomach. Treatment includes healthy nutrition, physical activity and, when necessary, medications such as statins.

Cushing’s syndrome occurs when the level of cortisol in the blood remains high for a long time. The cause may be a tumor in the adrenal gland or pituitary gland, or long-term use of corticosteroid medications. It is manifested by a rounded face, fat accumulation in the central part of the body, purple stretch marks on the skin, high blood pressure, increased blood sugar and muscle weakness. Diagnosis is made by cortisol tests in blood, urine and saliva and, when necessary, by MRI or CT. Treatment is carried out with medication or surgery, depending on the cause.

CAH is a hereditary disease associated with a deficiency of an enzyme required for cortisol production in the adrenal glands. The classic form is severe from birth and may be accompanied by salt loss, low blood pressure and structural differences in the genitalia of girls. The non-classic form is milder and is often detected in adolescence or adulthood: in women, excess hair growth, acne, menstrual irregularities and inability to conceive are observed, and in children, early puberty. Diagnosis is made by 17-OH progesterone and other hormone tests, and sometimes by genetic testing. Treatment is carried out with hormone replacement preparations and requires regular monitoring.

Addison’s disease is the inability of the adrenal glands to produce enough cortisol (and often aldosterone). The most common cause is autoimmune damage. The main symptoms are weakness, loss of appetite, weight loss, low blood pressure, salt craving and darkening of the skin. During stress or infection, the condition may worsen sharply (Addisonian crisis) and requires emergency care. Diagnosis is made by cortisol and ACTH tests and a stimulation test. Treatment consists of lifelong intake of hormone replacement preparations.

Hyperaldosteronism is the excessive production of aldosterone by the adrenal glands. The body retains sodium and water, while potassium is lost. The main sign is high blood pressure that is difficult to control with medication; muscle weakness, cramps, frequent urination and headache may also occur. Diagnosis is made by blood tests for potassium, aldosterone and renin, and by CT scan. Treatment is carried out with medication, or surgically if a tumor is present.

Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor of the adrenal gland that secretes excessive amounts of hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline. It is manifested in episodes of severe headache, sweating, palpitations, a rise in blood pressure, pallor and a feeling of fear. Diagnosis is made by metanephrine tests in urine and blood, and by CT or MRI. The main treatment is surgical removal of the tumor; before surgery, blood pressure is brought under control with special medications.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common hormonal disorders in women of reproductive age. It is characterized by excessive production of androgens (male sex hormones) in the ovaries and impaired ovulation, and is often associated with insulin resistance. The main symptoms are menstrual cycle irregularities or absence of periods, weight gain, acne, oily skin, excess hair growth on the face and body, hair loss and inability to conceive. Diagnosis is made by hormone tests, blood sugar and insulin testing, and ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs. Treatment is carried out through weight control, healthy nutrition, physical activity and, when necessary, hormonal medications or medications that improve insulin sensitivity.

Hirsutism is the excessive growth of thick, dark hair in women in male-pattern areas (face, chin, chest, abdomen, back). The most common causes are polycystic ovary syndrome, adrenal gland diseases, pituitary disorders, certain medications and hereditary predisposition. Excess hair growth is often accompanied by acne, menstrual irregularities and weight gain. To determine the cause, the doctor prescribes hormone tests and, when necessary, ultrasound or other examinations. Treatment consists of hormonal or medication therapy appropriate to the cause; cosmetic methods (such as laser hair removal) play an additional supporting role.

Hypogonadism is the inability of the sex glands (testicles in men, ovaries in women) to produce enough sex hormones. It has primary (in the gland itself) and secondary (caused by the pituitary gland or hypothalamus) forms. In men, decreased sex drive and potency, loss of muscle mass, weakness, depressed mood and infertility may be observed; in women, menstrual irregularities, hot flashes and infertility. In adolescents, it is manifested by delayed sexual maturation. Diagnosis is made by testosterone, estradiol, FSH, LH and other hormone tests. Treatment consists of hormone replacement therapy and methods aimed at the cause.

Hypogonadism is the inability of the testicles to produce enough testosterone. The disorder may originate in the testicle itself (primary) or in the pituitary gland and hypothalamus (secondary). Decreased sex drive and potency, weakness, loss of muscle mass, obesity, depressed mood, memory and attention problems, infertility and reduced facial hair are observed. In adolescents, it is manifested by delayed sexual maturation. Diagnosis is made by total and free testosterone, FSH, LH and prolactin tests taken in the morning. Treatment consists of testosterone replacement therapy and methods aimed at the cause. Therapy is carried out under medical supervision, and the blood composition and prostate gland are checked regularly.

Gynecomastia is the enlargement of breast gland tissue in men and may occur on one or both sides. The cause is an imbalance between the hormones estrogen and testosterone. It may occur physiologically during adolescence and old age, but hormonal disorders (hypogonadism, thyroid or pituitary diseases), liver and kidney diseases, certain medications and obesity may also be causes. Swelling, tenderness or pain is observed in the breast area. The doctor determines the cause through examination, hormone tests and ultrasound, and rules out serious diseases such as cancer. Treatment is carried out with medication appropriate to the cause, and sometimes surgically.

Erectile dysfunction is the failure to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse. Hormonal causes include testosterone deficiency, elevated prolactin, thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus. Other causes may include cardiovascular diseases, stress, smoking and medications. It is manifested by decreased sex drive and weakened erection. The doctor listens to the complaints, orders hormone and blood sugar tests and, when necessary, performs vascular examinations. Treatment includes hormonal therapy appropriate to the cause, medications and lifestyle correction.