Ultrasound is the real-time imaging of internal organs and soft tissues using ultrasonic waves. It is widely used to examine the abdominal cavity, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, thyroid gland, mammary glands, pelvic organs and the fetus during pregnancy. The procedure is painless, does not involve radiation, is safe for children and pregnant women, and can be repeated as often as necessary. Before some examinations, the doctor may recommend special preparation, such as fasting or having a full bladder.

In addition to conventional ultrasound, Doppler ultrasound evaluates the speed, direction and nature of blood flow in blood vessels. It is used to detect conditions such as vascular narrowing, thrombosis, varicose disease, and insufficiency of arteries and veins. It also plays an important role in checking blood circulation in the fetus and placenta during pregnancy. The examination is painless and does not require special intervention. The results help with proper treatment planning and monitoring the course of the disease.

An X-ray examination produces images of bones, lungs and other structures using X-rays. It is widely used to detect fractures, pneumonia, joint changes, spinal disorders and foreign bodies. The procedure is performed in a very short time, and the radiation dose in modern devices is minimal. During pregnancy, X-rays are performed only when necessary and at the doctor’s decision; in this case, protective equipment is обязательно used.

ECG is a simple and painless examination that records the electrical activity of the heart. It allows the detection of heart rhythm disorders, insufficient nourishment of the heart muscle and signs of a previous heart attack. ECHO-CG (echocardiography) is an ultrasound examination of the heart and evaluates the size of the heart chambers, the function of the valves, the contractility of the heart muscle and blood flow in the heart. These examinations are used to diagnose cardiovascular diseases, monitor treatment effectiveness and perform preoperative assessment.

Colposcopy is an examination of the cervix, vagina and external genitalia using a special magnifying device called a colposcope. The examination is performed for the early detection of cervical erosion, inflammation, warts and precancerous changes. If a suspicious area is observed, a biopsy may be taken at the same time. The procedure is usually painless and takes a short time. It is recommended that the examination be performed on days of the menstrual cycle without bleeding.

Colonoscopy is an examination of the inner mucous lining of the large intestine using a thin, flexible device with a camera. It is one of the most accurate methods for detecting polyps, inflammatory bowel diseases, sources of bleeding and tumors. During the examination, it is possible to take a biopsy and remove small polyps. Before the examination, special dietary and preparation instructions must be followed to clean the bowel. The procedure is usually performed under sedation for the patient’s comfort.

Gastroscopy is an examination of the inner surface of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum using a thin, flexible camera-equipped device. It is used to diagnose gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, reflux, polyps and tumors. When necessary, a biopsy is taken to test for Helicobacter pylori bacteria and for histological analysis. The examination is performed on an empty stomach, usually 6–8 hours after the last meal, and takes a short time.

EEG records the electrical activity of the brain and helps diagnose epilepsy, loss of consciousness, headaches and other neurological disorders. Video EEG monitoring simultaneously records the patient’s video image along with brain activity over an extended period. This makes it possible to accurately determine the nature and origin of seizures and whether they are epileptic, as well as to select the appropriate treatment. The examination is painless and is performed in both children and adults.

A hearing screening test is an early assessment of hearing ability and is performed particularly in newborns and young children to detect hearing impairment in a timely manner. Hearing impairment at an early age can cause delays in speech and development, so timely examination is very important. The test is quick, painless and safe, and can often be performed while the child is sleeping. If impairment is suspected, a more detailed examination is scheduled.

CT creates high-resolution, cross-sectional images of organs layer by layer based on computer processing of X-rays. It is widely used to examine the brain, chest, abdominal cavity, spine and bones, and to detect trauma, tumors, bleeding and inflammatory diseases. The procedure takes several minutes. When necessary, a contrast agent can be administered to increase image accuracy. The doctor must be informed before the examination about any allergies or kidney disease.

MRI provides high-resolution images of soft tissues using a powerful magnetic field and radio waves and does not involve radiation. It is one of the preferred methods for diagnosing diseases of the brain, spine, joints, musculoskeletal system and internal organs. The examination may take 20–60 minutes, and the loud operation of the device is normal. Individuals with metal implants, pacemakers or other electronic devices in their bodies must inform the doctor before the examination.

This examination is the accurate three-dimensional and volumetric measurement of bone density based on computed tomography. Unlike conventional densitometry, it evaluates the cortical and cancellous layers of the bone separately, providing more accurate results. It is used for the early detection of osteoporosis and bone mass loss, assessment of fracture risk and monitoring treatment effectiveness. The examination is performed in a short time and requires no special preparation.