Appendectomy is a surgical procedure performed in cases of appendicitis, inflammation of the appendix located at the beginning of the cecum. Appendicitis may be accompanied by symptoms such as pain in the lower right side of the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and fever. Since the course of the disease can change rapidly, especially in children, timely medical examination and treatment are essential.

Surgical treatment of ovarian cysts is performed to remove formations filled with fluid or other tissues that develop in the ovaries and to preserve healthy ovarian tissue as much as possible. Cysts may develop for various reasons, and some may be observed without causing any symptoms. Surgical intervention is considered for cysts that are large, continue to grow, cause pain or show suspicious features during examinations.

Laparoscopic splenectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the spleen for various hematological, immunological and other medical reasons. The spleen plays an important role in filtering blood cells, immune defense and the body’s fight against infections. In some diseases, the function of the spleen may be impaired or its size may increase significantly.

Hydronephrosis is a condition characterized by difficulty in the normal flow of urine in the kidney and enlargement of the renal pelvis. This problem may occur as a result of narrowing of the ureter, anatomical obstructions or other abnormalities of the urinary tract. In children, hydronephrosis is sometimes detected during an ultrasound examination performed during pregnancy.

Vesicoureteral reflux is the backward flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters and, in some cases, toward the kidneys. This condition may lead to recurrent urinary tract infections, especially in children, and in some cases to damage to the kidney tissue.Treatment depends on the degree of reflux, the child’s age, the frequency of recurrent infections and the condition of the kidneys. In some cases, observation and medication may be sufficient. Surgical intervention is considered in persistent or severe reflux.

Prolonged or recurrent vomiting in children may be associated with various gastrointestinal, anatomical and functional problems. Therefore, it is important to determine the exact cause first in cases of chronic vomiting. In some cases, narrowing of the gastrointestinal passage, an anatomical abnormality or other surgical pathologies may be detected.

A diaphragmatic hernia is a condition characterized by organs located in the abdominal cavity passing through a natural or pathological opening in the diaphragm into the chest cavity. In children, this problem may be congenital and, in some cases, may cause serious respiratory and digestive system problems. The diagnosis is determined based on clinical examination and imaging methods.

Esophageal atresia is a congenital developmental anomaly. In this condition, the esophagus does not form normally and there is no connection between its upper and lower parts. In some cases, an abnormal connection called a fistula may also exist between the esophagus and the windpipe. This condition may manifest in newborns as feeding difficulties, increased salivation, coughing and respiratory problems.

Inguinal hernia in children occurs when tissue or organs in the abdominal cavity protrude outward through the inguinal canal. In most cases, it is associated with congenital anatomical features. It may be observed as swelling in the groin area and, sometimes in boys, in the scrotum. The protrusion may become more apparent during crying, coughing and physical exertion.